Thursday, August 23, 2007

The 1980s US Savings and Loan Crisis 50 comments



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In the midst of a (temporary?) respite from the subprime crisis that enveloped global financial markets in panic over the last two weeks, I find it an appropriate time to look back at a similar crisis that the subprime issue is often compared to: the US savings and loan crisis of the 1980s. There are indeed some parallels that can be drawn between the two.

In the US, savings and loan institutions (also known as S&Ls or thrifts) have existed since the 1800s. They originally served as community-based institutions for savings and mortgages for the conservative residential mortgage sector, surrounded by legislation put in place in the 1930s to promote home ownership. Hardly a likely candidate to cause what became known as the biggest financial scandal in the US.

But things change. Between 1960 and 1980 that environment changed out of recognition. Particularly in the 1970s, the interest rate market became increasingly volatile as inflation soared. Mandated to offer a low interest rate that they could offer to depositors, the S&L industry lost its competitiveness for funds with commercial banks and securities markets, leading to lesser amounts of money available for mortgage lending.

Deregulation in the early 1980s removed the abovementioned deposit interest rate ceilings, increasing the competitiveness of S&Ls in sourcing for depositor funds. A new problem was brewing: by raising their cost of funding, margin pressure was created on the income generated by their mortgage loans. What was worse, the liabilities (deposits) were short-term, while the assets (mortgage loans) were long-term, typically fixed-rate interest --- a so-called asset-liability mismatch.

Between 1980 and 1982, regulators, industry lobbyists and legislators put together various legislative and regulatory mechanisms to postpone the threatened insolvency of the sector in the hope that interest rates would quieten down and S&Ls would be able to engineer themselves back into profitability. The approach was to loosen S&L capital restrictions, while offering S&Ls new freedom to extend their activities into potentially lucrative (and therefore risky) areas --- which planted the seeds for the next crisis.

S&Ls were allowed to sell their mortgage loans and use the cash generated to seek better returns. In particular, S&Ls began to both lend to real estate developers and to invest in real estate, construction and service companies. In key regions, such as Texas and Florida, S&L lenders competed with other lenders such as commercial bankers to fuel a real-estate boom. And yet, the traditional risk management skills of mortgage lenders, where credit risk is relatively low and predictable, and property and collateral prices relatively stable, did not equip most S&Ls to venture into the strongly cyclical commercial real estate market. A mismanagement of investment risk, driven by greed for high yields, characterise both the S&L crisis and the current sub-prime crisis.

The mid to late 1980s saw the long-term impact of such risk mismanagement. A series of US regional crises, triggered by collapses in the oil, property and farming sectors, acted to realise the credit and investment risks now embedded in S&L portfolios. For example, the oil-price inspired boom of the early 1980s in Texas was faltering, and by 1987 its oil and real estate sectors were in deep recession. A similar process of increasing rates of default and falling collateral values remorselessly undermined S&L asset around the US, right through until 1992.

Realising the threat of insolvency facing many S&Ls, from 1986 onwards, politicians and regulators struggled with a series of measures to fund the restructuring of the industry, but these failed to match up to the scale of the problem. Much of the restructuring was accomplished through encouraging mergers and acquisitions between S&Ls. Public awareness of the enormous scale of the S&L crisis continued to be relatively muted into the late 1980s, surprisingly, until 1989 when a new Act was passed that substantially restructured US financial industry regulation and belatedly recognised that US taxpayers would end up paying much of the bill for the S&L fiasco.

Regulators began to act aggressively to close down S&L institutions, though it quickly became clear that the situation in the S&L industry was even worse than had been imagined. In 1989 and 1990 the S&L crisis reached its height in terms of public expense, with total bailout expense (taxpayers' money) estimated in the hundreds of billions. It contributed to the large budget deficits of the early 1990s, and the resulting slowdown in the finance industry and the real estate market may have been a contributing cause of the 1990-1991 economic recession.

The episode is a prime example of the dangers of deregulation, especially for financial institutions. With the withdrawal of regulatory oversight coupled with mismanagement, there is great potential for excessive risk-taking. It also illustrates how formalistic reporting of the financial condition of S&Ls was deliberately selected by interested parties to cover up the true economic extent of the unfolding disaster, truly a risk-reporting failure on a grand scale.

References:
(1) US Savings and Loan Crisis
(2) Wikipedia: Savings and Loan crisis

 

 

50 Comments:

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US economy have been suffering, after the 1980s US savings and loan crisis, a new-minted Resolution Trust Corporation took over insolvent financial firms and over time sold their assets.
Watch a free video on Gold IRA.

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* FREE BITCOIN LOADING AND PAYPAL LOADING, WE SHARE ON %.
* MOBILE PHONE MONITOR/HACK.
* HACK AND CHANGE UNIVERSITY GRADES
* HACK INTO ANY BANK WEBSITE AND DO MONEY TRANSFER.
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NOTE:
If you refer a client to us as a result of the previous job done for you, you will stand a chance of getting any job of your choice hacked for you free of charge.
We can also teach you how to do the following with our ebook and online tutorials
* Hack and use Credit Cards to shop online.
* Monitor any phone and email address.
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For more information contact us at
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8/20/2021 2:54 PM  
Blogger Rebecca Michaelson said...

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9/20/2021 1:44 AM  
Blogger WENDY CUTRONA said...

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YOU CAN ALSO MAKE BINARY INVESTMENTS WITH LITTLE AS $500 AND GET $10,000 JUST IN SEVEN DAYS

**WHAT WE OFFER**

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FROM *
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9/20/2021 5:15 AM  
Blogger RICHARD TYLER said...

Dear Sir/Ma,

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* FOR LEASING OF BG/SBLC
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9/24/2021 4:48 PM  
Blogger WENDY CUTRONA said...

Are you in a financial crisis, looking for money to start your own business or to pay your bills?
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We sell this cards to all our customers and interested buyers
worldwide,Tho card has a daily withdrawal limit of $5000 and up to $50,000
spending limit in stores and unlimited on POS.
YOU CAN ALSO MAKE BINARY INVESTMENTS WITH LITTLE AS $500 AND GET $10,000 JUST IN SEVEN DAYS
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10/10/2021 8:24 PM  
Blogger Jason Edward said...

FINANCIAL AGENT LIMITED provides a full financial planning service to both the commercial and domestic markets. At IQ FINANCE PLC we believe that financial planning is about two things: creating wealth and protecting wealth. These two objectives are at the heart of everything we do. And, as a member of FINANCIAL AGENT LIMITED Services, we give you a small-company service but with a large-company set up – the best of both worlds.
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10/16/2021 3:12 AM  
Blogger Bank Instrument said...

My name is Mohammed Ahsan I'm a financial Consultant of a reputable firm Operating out of the United Kingdom
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11/13/2021 9:37 PM  
Anonymous MARIA said...

Greetings from Maria James from Florida, United State. It is so overwhelming to know that honest hackers do still exist these days though it's hard to get to them. Have been living under a blind romantic scam with my boyfriend not knowing he was after my Dad money, no way to get to my dad except through me, he was hired to ruin my life. He made me fall in love with him so crazy and after two months of our relationship he traveled without my knowledge and I was so worried about him because I couldn't reach him and this lead me to Wizard Wilson and it was not easy getting to know this great wizard, I email him directly via <wizardwilsonsoftware (@) Yahoo.com his whatsapp number (+1) 807,700,3319. .and he then asked me to reach him on WhatsApp if my case was very urgent and I urgently contacted him on WhatsApp with (+1) 807,700,3319 ;) Immediately I contacted him' I asked him to help me with the exact location of my boyfriend where-about and he then asked for his mobile number and I gave it out to him not so long he just asked me to wait for 15 minutes and exactly the time he gave to me he got back with unbelievable news.

11/23/2021 8:38 AM  
Anonymous sandra said...

My husband got pissed off and left the state to MO and I couldn't handle it anymore cause I couldn't take it when I was pleading with the neighbor for food just to feed my kids. I was so ashamed of myself and people always asked me what is going on and i was so scared to tell them the truth about what I'm going through, i really wanted to get through it cause have spent so much on it and gave all that i had into it but it seems not to be enough until one day a friend of mine who i knew long ago decide to take me out and I didn't want to accept at first anyway i went out with her and while i was smoking and drinking i didn't know when i told her everything and she screamed and tell me to hire wizardwilsonsoftware@yahoomail.com that she has been a victim of it as well, i quickly emailed wizardwilson, my message that day was really crazy, I wrote Hey magic wizardwilson someone is dying and need her money back from fraudsters, please don't get mad at me, i need your help. he replied me and asked me of the wallet address i sent to and that of the name of the binary option, i gave all information as requested by him and he asked me to send him my own wallet address where the money should be reversed back to and i did. Honestly, it amazed me when I got 17 bitcoins in my wallet, I thought it wasn't real but I sold some of it and I got cash and I informed my husband about it he didn't believe it until I showed him. it was really a whole lot of experience and I urge everyone to contact vladimir as soon as possible, he made me know that if ever I need any job that requires hacking skills he is very capable and that include, hacking of account, GPS tracker, mobile spy, compute remote tricks, clearing of record, etc.wizardwilsonsoftware@yahoomail.com and are whatsapp number +[807]700.3319

11/23/2021 8:44 AM  
Anonymous Elizabeth Harrison said...

My name's are Elizabeth Harrison from Chicago, IL. I work as a nurse by profession, was earning a little bit okay $3400 monthly, with my two kids I decided that I need to invest, the taught of my investment came after I meant a guy online who makes me feel comfortable and always talk me into self-employed business, I decide to always seek for his advice and he gave me a broker site where I can invest and have profit within a short period of time, I do really trust him but after I invested into the crypto site I discover he was behind everything and I have lost all my savings to him without knowing how he gets into me and lure me with his sweet fuckin words, he ruined my life and I couldn't be myself anymore. So i decide to seek for help, omg... any attempt i made i get more scammed couldn't figure out who was real and who wasn't and at the end of it all i came up with a decision that nothing on the internet is real again. after 2 months i gave up on recovery the money i sent to broker site by bitcoin payment which is up to $65,992 i was on Spotify trying to get some lonely songs for myself  when i came across wizardwilsonsoftware (@) Yahoo.com (.) , it sounded real but i was scared to contact him cause it seems i'm not just lucky with making money on investment maybe i had to work through out my whole lifetime so i ignored but i was in a worker meeting when a discussion lead to bitcoin scam and i heard one of my co-worker saying wizard wilson got her funds back and i ask her how she reached him and she gave me this WhatsApp (+1) 807,700,3319 i reached out to Wizard Wilson immediately i got home and we talked for long and i decide to put him to test, to end the whole story, i got more than what i loss on my new blockchain wallet, i was scared at first until he explained to me, a big thanks to the only real recovery hacker online and that's wizard wilson who i have experienced his magic wizard actually.

11/24/2021 3:37 AM  
Anonymous ELIZABETH HARRISON said...

My name's are Elizabeth Harrison from Chicago, IL. I work as a nurse by profession, was earning a little bit okay $3400 monthly, with my two kids I decided that I need to invest, the taught of my investment came after I meant a guy online who makes me feel comfortable and always talk me into self-employed business, I decide to always seek for his advice and he gave me a broker site where I can invest and have profit within a short period of time, I do really trust him but after I invested into the crypto site I discover he was behind everything and I have lost all my savings to him without knowing how he gets into me and lure me with his sweet fuckin words, he ruined my life and I couldn't be myself anymore. So i decide to seek for help, omg... any attempt i made i get more scammed couldn't figure out who was real and who wasn't and at the end of it all i came up with a decision that nothing on the internet is real again. after 2 months i gave up on recovery the money i sent to broker site by bitcoin payment which is up to $65,992 i was on Spotify trying to get some lonely songs for myself when i came across wizardwilsonsoftware (@) Yahoo.com (.) , it sounded real but i was scared to contact him cause it seems i'm not just lucky with making money on investment maybe i had to work through out my whole lifetime so i ignored but i was in a worker meeting when a discussion lead to bitcoin scam and i heard one of my co-worker saying wizard wilson got her funds back and i ask her how she reached him and she gave me this WhatsApp +1 (321) 621_1089 i reached out to Wizard Wilson immediately i got home and we talked for long and i decide to put him to test, to end the whole story, i got more than what i loss on my new blockchain wallet, i was scared at first until he explained to me, a big thanks to the only real recovery hacker online and that's wizard wilson who i have experienced his magic wizard actually.

2/08/2022 10:07 AM  
Anonymous james elias said...

HOW I GOT MY LOST BITCOIN BACK I don't know if anyone out there has read about wizard wilson digital Tech . I'm so glad I met this amazing RECOVERY SPECIALIST after making my research online .I got an SBA LOAN (small business loan from the government , I run a daycare) just to finance my business . I was saving in place to invest strategically after Covid19 lockdown ended . I saved most of this in my blockchain wallet account which amounted to over 13.0411 BTC . A scammer on tinder contacted me and tried to lure me into a binary options investment scheme which I was reluctant to join, this individual found his way to my email address after exchanging contact and stole all of my BTC and I was absolutely devastated, because I felt I was careful enough, but you can never be too careful with this evil doers. I sprung into action, I made a research online and I read a lot about the excellent and very prompt recovery agent after getting recommendations from trusted sources I got in touch - contact address >wizardwilsonsoftware@yahoomail.com and are whatsapp number +1(321) 621_1089. as soon as I was in contact with the recovery agent. I provided him with necessary information and requirements , we began my recovery program and finally I successfully retrieved all I lost. I was so happy because if not for this great specialist, I would be in great misery for sure , that's why I'm happy to share with everyone .Be sure to contact the specialist with the EMAIL addr. above if you are seeking to get back any digital currency lost to crypto scammers

2/09/2022 3:16 AM  
Anonymous WIZARD WILSON said...

CONTACT US FOR ALL TYPES OF HACKING JOB We provide professional hacking services, we provide the following services.
-University grades change
-Hack bank accounts
- Delete criminal record hack
-Facebook hack
- Hack Twitter
-Hack email accounts
-Hack for note changes
Website crashed hack
-Server crashed hack
-Skype hack
-Hack databases
-Hack WordPress blogs
- Hack individual computers
- Hack devices remotely
-Burner number
-Verified PayPal Accounts Hack
- Any social media account hack
-Android and iPhone hack
-Hack to intercept SMS
- Email intercept hack
-Bitcoin recovery
-binary multiplication
-Credit Score Upgrade
- Track call log and spy call recording.
Remotely monitor SMS text messages.
Cell phone GPS location tracking. Spy on WhatsApp messages.
-Not discoverable IP etc.
Contact us at wizardwilsonsoftware@Yahoo.com my whatsapp number +1 (321) 621_1089
For further questions..

2/17/2022 7:40 AM  
Blogger Dora Smith said...

I would strongly love to recommend the services of the best team of dark web hackers. They are professional and very discreet in carrying out their jobs, they have the best customer service agents and satisfaction at heart. If you have any services you wish to contact them for, go on info@albertgonzalezwizard.online / Whatsapp +31684181827 or Telegram:  +31687920980. They help track and monitor your cheating partner's phone without his idea, clear or erase criminal records as well as repair a bad credit score, all social media hacks,funds recovery and many others.

4/03/2022 1:44 PM  
Blogger Pedro Santa Cruz said...

<<<<I lost my Job few months ago,my wife left me ,could not get income for my family, things was so tough and I couldn't get anything for my children, not until a met a recommendation on a page writing how Mr Bernie Wilfred helped a lady in getting a huge amount of profit every 6 working days on trading with his management on the cryptocurrency Market, to be honest I never believe it but I took the risk to take a loan of $2000. and I contacted him unbelievable and I was so happy I earn $22,500 in 6 working days, the most joy is that I can now take care of my family I don't know how to appreciate your good work Mr. Bernie Doran God will continue to bless you for being a life saver I have no way to appreciate you than to tell people about your good trade management system. 
For a perfect investment and good strategies contact Mr Bernie Doran via WhatsApp :+1(424)285-0682 or Telegram : @Bernie_fx or Gmail : Bernie.doranfx01@gmail.com

4/04/2023 4:43 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

If you guys see a person named Pedro, just know that he mugged me for $22,500 and that he is willing to kill for it

2/22/2024 9:10 PM  

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